the LITERATURE REVIEW

Barriers to Access

CIW face language barriers, financial difficulties, and cultural differences that make it challenging to enroll and succeed in Northeastern United States (NEUS) higher education institutions

Discrimination and Marginalization

CIW frequently encounter discrimination and marginalization within academic spaces, facing biases and microaggressions

Resilience and Perseverance

Despite obstacles, many CIW exhibit remarkable resilience, persevering through their studies and achieving academic success

Community Support Networks

Strong support networks, both within the Caribbean diaspora and through campus organizations, play a crucial role in helping CIW navigate NEUS higher education

Intersectionality of Identities

The intersection of race, gender, and immigration status have not been adequately addressed in existing studies. For example, Jones et al. discuss mental health stigma faced by CIW, but do not mention how these stigmas relate to educational attainment and experiences (Jones et al., 2020).

Culture and Gender Dynamics

The literature indicates that cultural expectations and familial responsibilities of CIW impact educational attainment and persistence (Taylor & Richards, 2019). However, there is a lack of qualitative research that captures the voices and experiences of CIW, particularly in relation to how cultural norms influence their educational choices and outcomes.

Underrepresentation of Caribbean Voices

Esnard’s work focuses on the experiences of CIW in US HE institutions and the need for immigrant specific career programs (Esnard, 2019). However, the representation of CIW in HE remains under-researched.

Support System, Policy Gaps

Community support services for CIW’s achievement is under-researched. Some research emphasizes the importance of social health networks, and less is known about the impact on educational success (Nguyen et al., 2016).

research design

Qualitative, autoethnographic research with narrative inquiry

Interview(s) ~ 5-10 participants

Focus Group ~ 5-10 participants

sample and population

Population
  1. Women whose identities intersect as immigrant, female, Caribbean (by birth or descent)
  2. CIW in the Northeastern United States who have experienced American higher education institutions (students, faculty, staff)
Sample
  1. Women who identify with Caribbean heritage and have migrated to the Northeastern United States
  2. Have firsthand experiences as students (undergraduate, graduate, doctoral) or professionals (faculty, staff, administrators)
  3. Open to discussing personal/cultural experiences
  4. Diverse ages, time in U.S., academic levels, Caribbean backgrounds

data analysis

Data Gathering

Use purposive and snowball sampling strategies, recruit via community networks, university organizations, social media, with consent, record interviews/focus group

Data Compilation and Organization

Use (with consent) transcription software (Otter.ai) for accuracy, manually review transcripts to ensure fidelity to participant narratives, assign identifiers to participants and their data for confidentiality, organize data files in separate folders, use password protected storage, backup files

Data Processing & Analysis

Re-read transcripts to understand narratives, note initial impressions, patterns, statements

Coding Process

Sort data into sections by recurring phrases/sentences, synthesize core themes related to research questions, cross-reference with theoretical framework to interpret findings

Validate Findings

Member checking – share themes/interpretations with participants to confirm accuracy Consult with peers, mentors, committee members for feedback on coding/interpretation

Synthesize & Present Findings

Write findings by theme, include participant quotes in narrative, illustrate how themes connect to research questions/ theoretical framework, highlight outliers to reflect diversity, use visuals for clarity

Reflect & Revise

Write in journal to document positionality, analysis, interpretation, review transcripts, codes, themes for consistency

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

  • Language and Accent Negotiation
  • Social Integration and Belonging
  • Cultural Identity Negotiation
  • Appearance and Self-Censorship
  • Stereotypes and Biases
  • Exoticism and Othering
  • Identity in Transition
  • Campus Challenges
  • Bilingualism
  • Religion

Advocacy and Empowerment

  • Cultural Values
  • Social Integration and Belonging

Campus Challenges

  • Language and Accent Negotiation
  • Social Integration and Belonging
  • Stereotypes and Biases

Cultural Expectations

  • Cultural Identity Negotiation
  • Cultural Values
  • Gender Expectations

Discrimination, Microaggressions, Racism

  • Appearance and Self-Censorship
  • Bilingualism
  • Exoticism and Othering
  • Language and Accent Negotiation
  • Stereotypes and Biases
  • Discrimination, Microaggressions, Racism
  • Mental Health and Coping Mechanisms
  • Representation and Tokenism
  • Advocacy and Empowerment
  • Mentorship and Support
  • Resilience and Agency
  • Cultural Expectations
  • Gender Expectations
  • Cultural Values
Identity in Transition

  • Bilingualism
  • Cultural Identity Negotiation
  • Language and Accent Negotiation
  • Social Integration and Belonging

Mental Health and Coping Mechanisms

  • Appearance and Self-Censorship
  • Mentorship and Support
  • Religion
  • Social Integration and Belonging

Representation and Tokenism

  • Appearance and Self-Censorship
  • Cultural Identity Negotiation

Resilience and Agency

  • Cultural Identity Negotiation
  • Cultural Values
  • Religion